An infectious disease expert has identified three viruses that could potentially pose significant risks to human health in 2026. These viruses have the potential to cause infections in unexpected locations or at unexpected scales.
In a recent article for The Conversation, Patrick Jackson, an assistant professor specializing in infectious diseases at the University of Virginia, emphasized the ongoing threat of widespread illnesses. He pointed out that as our planet warms and becomes more densely populated, humans are increasingly coming into contact with diverse viruses. Additionally, the ease of global travel allows viruses to quickly spread across the world alongside their human hosts.
As a physician and researcher specializing in infectious diseases, Jackson highlighted several viruses in 2026 that may be on the verge of causing infections in unforeseen ways. One such virus is Influenza A, which is one of four types of influenza viruses and is known for its potential to trigger pandemics. Jackson warned of the imminent risk of a pandemic caused by Influenza A, noting its ability to infect a wide range of animals and mutate rapidly.
The expert also raised concerns about the highly-pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, commonly known as bird flu, which stems from Influenza A. He explained that this virus first appeared in humans in southern China in 1997 and subsequently spread worldwide with the help of wild birds. There have been instances of the virus crossing over from birds to mammals, raising fears of potential adaptation to humans. Scientists are actively monitoring H5N1 for any signs of human-to-human transmission, a crucial step for the onset of a new influenza pandemic.
Jackson also drew attention to the global presence of mpox, previously known as monkeypox, which primarily affects rodents but can occasionally infect humans. He described mpox as closely related to smallpox, causing fever and a painful rash that can persist for weeks. While a vaccine exists for mpox, effective treatments are currently lacking. A recent outbreak of clade II mpox in 2022 spread to over 100 countries, facilitated by human-to-human transmission, including through close contact and potentially through sexual activity.
Another virus of concern highlighted by Jackson is Oropouche virus, an insect-borne pathogen poised for further spread. Transmitted by mosquitoes and small biting midges, the virus typically causes symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches, with some patients experiencing prolonged weakness or recurring illness. Originally discovered in Trinidad and Tobago, Oropouche virus has since expanded its reach to South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Cases in the United States are often linked to travelers returning from affected regions, and outbreaks are expected to persist in the Americas in 2026.
The UK Health Security Agency has issued warnings regarding travel-associated cases of Oropouche in the USA and Europe, including the UK. Vigilance and ongoing research are essential to monitor the evolution and spread of these viruses in order to mitigate potential health risks on a global scale.